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Johanna
Manila Bay, Philippines
Manila Bay, Philippines
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Summary
Manila Bay is a semi-enclosed estuary facing the China Sea. More than 10 million people live in the Manila Bay catchment area. The bay is highly eutrophic due to nutrient loading from surrounding areas. Eutrophication may further lower the dissolved oxygen content in Manila bay. Hypoxia occurs in the middle of Manila Bay during the northeast monsoon and during the southwest monsoon months (wet season), when the hypoxia is more intense and widespread. The drivers for the northeast monsoon hypoxia are suggested to be the physical features of the bay (deep midsection favoring stratification and allowing sediments to accumulate), two gyres in the middle of the bay (sediments with organic matter may accumulate and decompose in the convergence area of the two gyres) and high amount of organic matter in the sediments. The southwest monsoon hypoxia is more intense due to increased stratification caused by river run-off.
Type of regime shift
Ecosystem type
- Marine & coastal
Land uses
- Fisheries
Spatial scale of the case study
- Local/landscape (e.g. lake, catchment, community)
Continent or Ocean
- Asia
Region
- Southeast Asia
Countries
- Philippines
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Key References
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Chang KH, Amano A, Miller T, Isobe T, Maneja R, Siringan F, Imai H, Nakano S. 2009. Pollution study in Manila Bay: Eutrophication and its impact on plankton community. Interdisciplinary Studies on Environmental Chemistry - Environemntal Reserach in Asia. Eds., Y. Obayashi, T. Isobe, A. Subramanian, S. Suzuki and S. Tanabe, pp. 261–267.
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Jacinto G, Sotto LP, Senal MI, San Diego-McGlone, ML, Escobar Ma. T, Amano A, Willer T. 2011. Hypoxia in Manila Bay, Philippines during the northeast monsoon. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60, 243-248.
Citation
Paracas Bay, Peru
Paracas Bay, Peru
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Summary
Paracas Bay on the coast of Peru is an area which is a part of the Paracas National Reserve as well as an important area for fishing and fisheries-related factories. Harmful algal blooms often cause hypoxia in Paracas Bay as a result of algal respiration and decomposition. A devastating bloom of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sanguineum occurred in 2004 and caused anoxia, which together with toxins produced by algal blooms resulted in massive fish and shellfish deaths.The massive fish deaths and closing of the port caused huge economic losses for fish industry and aquaculture.
It has been concluded that the 2004 mass mortality of benthic species was partly caused by untreated waste from the fish meal factories.
Type of regime shift
Ecosystem type
- Marine & coastal
Land uses
- Fisheries
Spatial scale of the case study
- Local/landscape (e.g. lake, catchment, community)
Continent or Ocean
- South America
Region
- Coastal Peru
Countries
- Peru
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Key References
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Kahru M, Mitchell B, Diaz A, Miura M. 2004. MODIS detects a devastating algal bloom in Paracas Bay, Peru. Eos 85, 465-472.
Citation
Cape Rodney, New Zealand
Cape Rodney, New Zealand
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Summary
Episodic hypoxia and anoxia near Cape Rodney covers 8000 square kilometers. It is related to harmful algal blooms and has resulted in fish mortalities. Hypoxia in Cape Rodney has been observed since the 1980s.
Type of regime shift
Ecosystem type
- Marine & coastal
Land uses
- Conservation
- Tourism
Spatial scale of the case study
- Local/landscape (e.g. lake, catchment, community)
Continent or Ocean
- Australia & New Zealand
Region
- North Island of New Zealand
Countries
- New Zealand
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Key References
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Shears N. 2009. Blooms of benthic dinoflagellates of the genus Ostreopsis; an increasing and ecologically important phenomenon on temperate reefs in New Zealand and worldwide. Harmful Algae 8, 916-925.
Citation
Wadden Sea
Wadden Sea
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Summary
The Wadden Sea is a large, relatively flat coastal environment. Strong increases in nutrient concentrations and primary production took place in the Wadden Sea in the late 1970s and 1980s. Indications of hypoxia in Wadden Sea were first observed in 1988. In 1996, large anoxic areas occurred in the East Frisian basin. It is debated whether hypoxia in the Wadden Sea is natural or not, but the signs of eutrophication are clear.
Type of regime shift
Ecosystem type
- Marine & coastal
Land uses
- Fisheries
Spatial scale of the case study
- Sub-continental/regional (e.g. southern Africa, Amazon basin)
Continent or Ocean
- Europe
Region
- Northwest continental Europe
Countries
- Netherlands
- Germany
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Key References
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Colijn C, van Beusekorn J. 2005. Effects of eutrophication of phytoplankton community and growth in the Wadden Sea. In: Wilson, J (Ed.). 2005. THe intertidal Ecosystem: The Value of Ireland's Shores, 58-68.
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Hoppema J. 1991. The oxygen budget of the western Wadden Sea, The Netherlands. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 32, 483-502.
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Kaiser J, Lutter S. 1998. Do we have the right strategeis to combat eutrophication in the Wadden Sea? - A critical review of current policies. Senckenbergiana Maritima 29, 17-24.
Citation
Mauritania Coast, Mauritania
Mauritania Coast, Mauritania
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Summary
The rapid intensification of Mauritanian agriculture may indirectly increase hypoxia through fertilizer usage. Point and non-point source pollution into Mauritanian's coastal waters should be managed to protect the benthic biodiversity.
Type of regime shift
Ecosystem type
- Marine & coastal
Land uses
- Fisheries
Spatial scale of the case study
- Sub-continental/regional (e.g. southern Africa, Amazon basin)
Continent or Ocean
- Africa
Region
- West Africa
Countries
- Mauritania
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Key References
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Le Loeuff P, von Cosel R. 1998. Biodiversity patterns of the marine benthic fauna of the Atlantic Coast of tropical Africa in relation to hydroclimatic conditions and paleogeographic events. Acta Oecologica 19, 309-321.
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Le Loeuff, P. 1999. The benthic macrofauna of the variable saline waters ecosystems along the Atlantic coast of tropical Africa; biodiversity variations with the current climatic conditions (rainfall) and the regional climatic history. Zoosystema 21, 557-571.
Citation
Donegal Bay, Ireland
Donegal Bay, Ireland
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Summary
Donegal Bay experienced mortalities of marine fauna in 2005. It has been suggested that the kills were brought about by oxygen depletion, which was caused by intense blooms of Karenia mikimotoi, the most common local dinoflagellate species causing red tides. The large scale of the blooms had never been observed before. Large quantities of dead sea urchins and lugworms were deposited on the beaches of west Ireland, and several cultured and wild fish species died. Hypoxia may have been caused by dinoflagellate respiration or decompostion and it may have acted as a cause to mortalities or as a significant stress factor indirectly leading to the death of fauna.
Type of regime shift
Ecosystem type
- Marine & coastal
Land uses
- Fisheries
- Tourism
Spatial scale of the case study
- Local/landscape (e.g. lake, catchment, community)
Continent or Ocean
- Europe
Region
- Northwest Ireland
Countries
- Ireland
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Key References
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O'Boyle S, Silke J. 2010. A review of phytoplankton ecology in estuarine and coastal waters around Ireland. Journal of Plankton Research 32, 99-118.
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Silke J, O’Beirn F, Cronin M. 2005. Karenia mikimotoi: An exceptional dinoflagellate bloom in western Irish waters, summer 2005. Marine Environment and Health Series 21.
Citation
Schönberger Strand, Germany
Schönberger Strand, Germany
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Other Contributors:
Summary
Hypoxia in Schönberger Strand is caused by both natural and anthropogenic causes. Fish kills and other symptons caused by oxygen depletion were reported already in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
Type of regime shift
Ecosystem type
- Marine & coastal
Land uses
- Fisheries
- Tourism
Spatial scale of the case study
- Local/landscape (e.g. lake, catchment, community)
Continent or Ocean
- Europe
Region
- Germany's Baltic Sea coastline
Countries
- Germany
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Key References
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Gerlach S (Ed). 1984. Oxygen depletion 1980 - 1983 in coastal waters of the Federal Republic of Germany. First report of the working group "Eutrophication of the North Sea and the Baltic". Institut fur Meereskunde.
Citation
Hohwacht Bay, Germany
Hohwacht Bay, Germany
Main Contributors:
Other Contributors:
Summary
Type of regime shift
Ecosystem type
- Marine & coastal
Land uses
- Fisheries
Spatial scale of the case study
- Local/landscape (e.g. lake, catchment, community)
Continent or Ocean
- Europe
Region
- Germany's Baltic Sea coastline
Countries
- Germany
Locate with Google Map
Key References
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Gerlach S (Ed.). 1984. Oxygen Depletion 1980-1983 in Coastal Waters of the Federal Republic of Germany. First Report of the Working Group "Eutrophication of the North Sea and the Baltic". Institut för Meereskunde nr 130.
Citation
Bay of Vilaine, France
Bay of Vilaine, France
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Other Contributors:
Summary
The Bay of Vilaine hypoxia is periodic and mainly caused by phytoplanktonic biomass degradation.
Type of regime shift
Ecosystem type
- Marine & coastal
Land uses
- Fisheries
Spatial scale of the case study
- Local/landscape (e.g. lake, catchment, community)
Continent or Ocean
- Europe
Region
- North-west France
Countries
- France
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Key References
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Chapelle A, Lazure P, Ménesguen A. 1994. Modelling Eutrophication Events in a Coastal Ecosystem. Sensitivity Analysis. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 39, 519-548.
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Le Bris H, Glemarec M. 1995. Macrozoobenthic communities of an oxygen under-saturated coastal ecosystem: The Bay of Vilaine (Southern Brittany). Oceanologica acta 18,573-581.
Citation
Bude Bay, United Kingdom
Bude Bay, United Kingdom
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Other Contributors:
Summary
Hypoxia may have affected the massive kill of a dog-whelk (Nucella lapillus), which occurred in the Bude Bay in 1995.
Type of regime shift
Ecosystem type
- Marine & coastal
Land uses
- Tourism
Spatial scale of the case study
- Local/landscape (e.g. lake, catchment, community)
Continent or Ocean
- Europe
Region
- South-west England
Countries
- United Kingdom
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Key References
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Gibbs P, Green J, Pascoe P. 1999. A massive summer-kill of the dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus, on the north Cornwall coast in 1995: freak or forerunner? Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, 103-109.
